Wednesday, October 30, 2019
Key Difference between Consumer and B2B Marketing Assignment
Key Difference between Consumer and B2B Marketing - Assignment Example Most of the large firms which produce goods such as production, steel, and equipment along with computer memory chips cater to the business market customers and the organizations do not directly interact with their customers. The introduction of the laser printers along with the personal computers had brought HP which was a B2B marketer into the consumer market. Conversely, Apple strength has also extended towards the business market as its iPad was being used or tested in more than 75% of the fortune 500 companies just after a month of its launch. Corporate using iPad includes J.P. Morgan Chase, Tellabs, Inc., and Cardinal Health. Products such as office furniture, smartphones, software, and personal computers are products which are purchased both by the consumers as well as by the business markets. The feature that tends to distinguish consumer goods from business marketing is the â€Å"intended use of the product â€Å"and the intended consumer.†Some of the global big bra nds belong to the business marketing section and they include Google, Blackberry, Cisco, Caterpillar, FedEx, IBM, HP, 3M to name a few organizations (Hutt & Speh, 2012, p.8-9). Some of the key differences which exist between B2C and B2B marketing have been shown in table 1. B2B marketing focuses on fewer and on varied customers and involves complex and technical sales processes as compared to consumer marketers. The issue of complexity such as multiple stakeholders which includes, purchasing agents, financial analysts, engineers, layers, manufacturing managers all of these stakeholders proceeds through the multi-stage decision-making process. The presence of however few but powerful customers who often account for a high percentage of sales represents that most of the powerful and common statistical tools in the B2C domain should be adapted in the B2B domain. In addition, most of the transaction in B2C sectors happens through common channels. For example, consumer packaged goods in the retail stores through which the retailers are able to capture and host about competitive consumer marketing. In contrast, transactions in B2B marketing are mostly private and negotiation happens mostly the ough a downstream channel of distribution. Therefore it can be said that data about the terms and nature of transactions and consumers are not visible to the common people (Lilien & Grewal, 2012, p.4). B2B marketing generally involves wholesalers, manufacturers, and the service firms which markets the good and service to another form of business but not to the ultimate consumers. Thus the distinction between B2C and B2B is not only the service or the product but the ultimate users of the product and the service. For example, if a pair of jeans had been sold to industrial business which then to the custodial firm where the employees would have wears them on the workplace, such transaction would still be termed as B2B transactions. Another major factor of difference between busi ness marketing and consumer marketing is the role e of the salesperson. Salespeople are important and essential in dealing with consumer goods such as FMCG, consumer electronics, jeweler, insurance and real estates.
Monday, October 28, 2019
English Mamet Miller Essay Example for Free
English Mamet Miller Essay Crucial to the dramatic impact of any stage play are the entrances and exits of the characters, as well as the motivations which drive these entrances and exits. In both Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman and David Mamets Glengarry Glen Roos, pivotal events and sequences of events are set in motion by the entrances of exits of the plays characters. The entrances and exits of the characters and, most importantly, the entrances and exits of the plays main characters, are keyed to the thematic impulses of the plays. In Death of a Salesman it is the very existence of an exit for Willie Loman that drives the plays message regarding classicism and the American Dream.  In Glengarry Glen Ross, the action of the play is framed almost entirely by the entrances and exits of the players on or off of an unchanging set than from various set-changes which set mood and pace.             Millers Death of a Salesman offers one of the most famous and memorable exits of a plays main character in American theater. Mamets Glengarry Glen Ross offers ironic and darkly comical entrances and exits by its main character Shelly Levine. The most prominent impact of a characters entrances and exits on stage to an audience is to signal to the audience that the character or characters in question will either be apart from the ensuing action, or be initiated into it. For audiences the arrivals end exits of a plays main character are poignant and obvious symbols of a change in the direction of the plot, pace, and mood.            Millers Death of a Salesman exemplifies how the entrance and exit of a plays main character can frame the entire action of a play. The plays first dramatic action, other than the revelation of the non-realistic and semitransparent set, is the entrance of Willie Loman who comes onstage carrying two large sample-cases. (Miller). The image of a man, past sixty, striding onto an unrealistic set with two suitcases transmits a considerable amount of information to the audience in a single dramatic gesture. Loman, merely by entering the stage, can be obviously determined to be a middle-aged man, lost in hazy memories of the past, facing an uncertain future, carrying a heavy load, and ready to travel.            These qualities are precisely those which drive the plays dramatic plot and its themes. The plot involves Willie Lomans battle to make a home and living world for his family, to find meaning in his existence, and to salvage dignity from an undignified station in life. The theme of the play, which deals with economic disparity and the dissolution of the average working person, is clearly articulated purely by the image of Willie Lomans initial entrance onto the hazy, dreamlike set.            Lomans exit, which closes the play, is similarly concise in dramatic impact and vision. Before making his famous exit to his own death Loman turns to emphatically address the audience. He says, Theres all kinds of important people in the stands; and the first thing you know. This direct appeal to the audience, spoken just before Lomans final exit from the stage, invites the audience to identify even more deeply with Loman and his plight just prior to his death. The breaking of the invisible fourth wall (or at least the bending of it) invests Loman with humanity and realism, bringing the audience as close to him as he possibly can, before throwing himself to his fate. (Miller)            In this way, the dialogue spoken by characters as the enter or exit the stage can be rightly considered a part of the exit or entrance itself and is, in a well-made drama, keyed compositionally into the thematic purpose of the entrance or exit. When Loman speaks his last word to the audience Shhh! the audience knows, even before his exit, that he is about to do something extremely important,. perhaps more dramatic and more important than any action up to that point in the play. The dialogue is, itself, signaling both his exit and the plays climax. Lomans physical exit from the stage is accompanied not only by spoken dialogue, but it is immediately followed by an off-stage cacophony which directly contradicts Lomans Shhh!            This abrupt shift, from a call to silence, to a roaring crash, which modulates to a single cello note, wraps the play together thematically as well as granting the complex plot a suitable denouement. The swift transformation from impelled silence to the off-stage crash takes the audience through a grand dramatic arc in the space of a few moments and encapsulates the plays essential message about the sanctity of the individual. By framing the entirety of the play with Lomans exceedingly well-composed and envisioned entrance, Miller conveys the essence of his theme through two dramatic gestures, each of which incites the reader or audience to identify more closely and more intensely with Lomans plight and fate and in so doing, embrace to the same degree the plays thematic message.            Mamets Glengarry Glen Ross offers a similar thematic impulse as Death of a Salesman, in that it explores the dissolution and degradation of a little man in American society. However, Mamet, rather than opting for warm, empathetic audience identification, seeks to lead his audience to his thematic message by way of a study in ambition and moral ambiguity. Shelly Levine aspires to be a thief and a selfish and materialistic person. The impact of his selfishness and materialism is conveyed, often ironically, through his entrance sand exits in the play. An example of this is in Act Two when Levine bursts onto the (ransacked) office-set with tremendous glee and confidence. He says:            Get the chalk. Get the chalkget the chalk! I closed em! I closedthe cocksucker. Get the chalk and put me on the board. Im going to Hawaii! Put me on the Cadillac board, Williamson! Pick up the fuckin chalk. Eight units. Mountain View            Meanwhile, it is clear to the audience by the mere fact of the office being in shambles, that Levines victorious tone is completely inappropriate. This is an ironic gesture, created by Mamet from the dissonance created by Levines up-beat entrance and the shambled state of the set he enters on. The irony generated in this gesture is central to the plays themes of selfish dissolution and culpability.            Like Miller, Mamet incorporates important dialogue into the entrances and exits of the characters and, like Miller, he utilizes audience expectation and the sudden change of the plays pace and mood to transmit important thematic information tot he audience. In this, both playwrights partake of musical composition where the various entrances and exists of melodic themes and passages indicate a shift in mood and thematic direction for the listener.            Similarly, Aaronows exit into the side-office in the same scene discussed above indicates a pending plot complication. His line We had a robbery. which comes just before he moves from the office-space to the inner-room indicates a shift in the plot. The line indicates that the motion of leaving the main office is somehow tied to the fact of the robbery. And at this point, the audience feels intensely, the ironic impact of Levines enthusiastic entrance earlier in the scene.            The energy of the scene is tied directly to the plays themes and, in fact, encapsulates them for the audience. Levines initial excitement and dialogue are indicative of the ambition which drives him; Aaronows line and subsequent stage-movement indicates both the moral ambiguity of Levines ambition and the potential repercussions for this naked ambition.             Both Miller and Mamet decline to give their main characters entrances and exits of noble stature or consequence (as one might expect from a Shakespearean or Greek tragedy). Instead, the players entrances and exits are ironic, chaotic, elegiac, or fragmented. For miller the lack of grand entrances and exists invested with nobility symbolized the fragmentation and degradation of an individuals mind, body,m and spirit. For Mamet, the rather hectic and ominous entrances and exits of the characters in Glengarry Glen Ross symbolize the disorder and fragmentation of modern society.            As important to the dramatic impact of the play as dialogue or plot, the entrances and exits of a plays charters produce a dynamic relationship with the plays sets and situations. As noted above, Mamets construction of a pivotal scene in Act 2 is structured around an ironic entrance by the plays protagonist. Millers unforgettable climax is structured around the tragic exit of Willie Loman; the plays Requiem in effect becoming an extension of this last exit, for it is the absence (the exit) of Loman which provides the impetus and motion of all that concludes beyond his leaving the stage.            When Shelly Levine is guided meekly away in handcuffs by detectives at the close of Glengarry Glen Ross, the audience is left with the impression of tragedy, but also with a sense of ironic justice. The meekness of Levine, in contrast to the ambition which has propelled him through the events of the play and given rise to the plays complications is reduced, at last, to helpless culpability.   This resonance drives Mamets theme of social disintegration for it is not merely a moral failing on Levines part which incites the plays final, ironic tragedy, but the hopelessness of ambition and competition in an economically driven society, which values money over human relationships or moral fortitude.            By staking so much dramatic impact on the entrances and exits of their characters, both Miller and Mamet, create a sense of constant motion, excitement, change and energy, giving a sense of the ephemerality of an individuals existence. In effect the entrances and exits of Loman and Levine demonstrate the ineffectuality of the individual in an impersonal society, but they also manage to convey (usually by irony) a sense of the injustice which accompanies their characters ignoble entrances and exits.            For Miler, the sanctity and nobility of the individual was more important even than death for Mamet the destruction of the individual through submission to material ambition was viewed as thoroughly corrupting, so much that his protagonist perceived victory only at the moment of his actual defeat. For Loman, some form of self-reclamation took place in his final, tragic exit form the stage; for Levine, self-reclamation is left as an ambiguous and unlikely possibility.            Both Death of a Salesman and Glengarry Glen Rooss depend on important entrances and exits by their main (and minor) characters to shape the flow and pace of the plays scenes, plots, and character development but also to transmit through gesture, word, and motion the thematic meaning, or message of the work. In each case, the use of dialogue, set-changes, and dramatic irony accompany the entrances and exits of their characters as a method for inverting (or subverting)the traditional, flourished and noble entrances of classically tragic characters.            Miller and Mamet each chose to articulate the story of little men. In keeping with these portrayals, they necessarily constructed entrances and exits for these characters and the characters the interacted with in order to present the theme of the individual in modern society, with a vie toward examining the moral implications of materialism, ambition, and classicism in American society. the entrances and exits of their characters proved to be crucial technical elements for transmitting these important themes.
Saturday, October 26, 2019
Changes in Macbeths Character throughout the Play Essay -- Drama
How I would advise the actor to portray the Dramatic changes in Macbeth’s Character throughout the play. Macbeth’s character throughout the play would be very complicated for any actor to portray, so there would be a large amount of hard work needed. During the play Macbeth portrays a large variety of different feelings e.g. happiness, sadness, anger, frustration etc, so I would have to thoroughly advise my actor on each scene of the play. Also, I would have to teach him on how to close the finishing speeches of Macbeth’s lines, these are very important because they carry a very big amount of significance and impact. In every single type of play, one of the most significant parts is the first entrance of the main actor. This is eminently important because, when the audience first see how the main actor walks, talks and the type of attire he/she is wearing, they can withdraw a lot of information about them e.g. whether they are honourable, devious, heinous etc. In the first entrance of Macbeth (Act 1 Scene 3), he opens with the line â€Å"So foul and fair a day I have not seen†. I imagine that this line would be said with quite a deep voice. From reading this line I would advise my actor to walk straight, with his head held high as if he was a very dominant and opulent man. Also a little later in the same scene he gets very obsessed with the witch’s predictions and is zealous to hear more, plus he gets a little bewildered when the witches say that he may become the Thane of Cawdor. For my actor to portray this part of the scene I would advise him to elevate the tone of his voice, to show his eagerness, to learn more about the predictions and also, I would tell him to show a very puzzled face to show his bewilderment over one of the predictions. In Act 1 Scene 4 when Macbeth shows his gratitude to King Duncan for the murder of the Thane of Cawdor by saying â€Å"The service and loyalty I owe, in doing it, pays itself†he seems to be very imperturbable. For this part of Scene 4 I would advise my actor to have a very calm expression but to still show a little gratitude for the honour that has been shown to Macbeth by King Duncan. Later in the play when Lady Macbeth appears, you get to know a little bit about Lady Macbeth and Macbeth’s relationship. Firstly when Macbeth and Lady Macbeth meet in the play (Act 1 Scene 5), they seem ... ...ck, and midnight hags! What is’t you do?†. Eventually, the witches bring in three apparitions. The first apparition was an ‘armed head’, he was trying to warn Macbeth of Macduff â€Å"Macbeth, Macbeth, Macbeth: beware Macduff, Beware the Thane of Fife. Dismiss me. Enough†. This apparition was actually true, because at the end of the play, Macduff decapitates Macbeth. The second apparition was a ‘bloody child’, he said â€Å"Be bloody, bold and resolute; laugh to scorn. The power of man, for none of woman born shall harm Macbeth†. The third apparition was a ‘Crowned child, with a tree in his hand’, he told Macbeth â€Å"Macbeth will never vanquished†. The last two apparitions were actually lying to Macbeth, so he could feel in power. To act these parts, when Macbeth hears the first apparition I would advise my actor to have a very smug look on his ace trying to indicate that no one can murder him because he has so much power and loyalty. When he hears the last two apparitions, I would advise him to become very egotistical because of the compliments they make to him. But, at the same time I would advise my actor to be quite shocked, because he is being told his future, from ghosts.
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Opium As A Chinese Saga Essay
The Lure That Was China Amidst it all, she withstood the grandeur of her civilization and past, her legacy and mystique, her people and culture: China is the ever yearned for prize of colonization; of commercialism; of travelers of yore and hitherto – for she has everything to be proud of in any given time. She has achievements, inventions, products, people, craft, art, inert knowledge, philosophies, grace – so with her natural resources. Up until the end of the 17th century, China and her people and their life was as they preferred it to be. Then the West was utterly impetuous to indulge China to comprehensive trade. China has most exquisite exportable products: porcelain, silk, tea. The West love to have them. However, there is nothing much that the Chinese need from the West – nor find of any use. Specifically Great Britian, Europe could not allow an imbalance trade. So, in 1793, Britain sent a diplomat and successfully was given an Imperial audience. The array of European products presented was wonderful and would be suitable for the balancing of trade that must be established between Europe, between Britain and China. It was a disappointment. The Emperor wrote King George: â€Å". . . As your Ambassador can see for himself, we possess all things. I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country’s manufactures. . . Our Celestial Empire possesses all things in prolific abundance and lacks no product within its own borders. There was therefore no need to import the manufactures of outside barbarians in exchange for our own produce. But as the tea, silk and porcelain which the Celestial Empire produces, are absolute necessities to European nations and to yourselves, we have permitted, as a signal mark of favour, that foreign hongs [merchant firms] should be established at Canton, so that your wants might be supplied and your country thus participate in our beneficence. †(Historywiz, 1999-2005) And the problem began. China Sets A Foothold As the West expressed its agitation about such imbalance of trade, China thenon closed its doors from trade. It isolated itself. It allowed selective foreign trade only via the City of Canton (now Guangzhou). The Europeans could not do away with the Chinese goods. So their gold and silver paid for what they want. It never flowed back to Europe because there was nothing that the Chinese want from Europe. What drove China to distance itself from Europe is because of the haughtiness the Europeans pursued with regards to trade. To this the Chinese is unaffected. For the Chinese, they are sufficient to themselves. Their confidence is a sense of superiority in their race. Their domestic trade is immensely rich on their own. China is a country, a nation, a people that is very big, very fruitful, very rich, very diversified in natural resources. Furthermore, as China’s interaction with the foreigners from that time made them wary. They felt intimidated and therefore became protective of itself. Thus, the isolation. Then, particularly the British, drew the gambit: Opium. Benign Was Opium Supposed To Be Opium has been in China and its use for as far back as 12 centuries ago. The purpose was medicinal. It cured diarrhea. Up and until 17th century it was sparingly mixed with tobacco as a means of relaxation. It was said to have been introduced by the Arabs, then the Portuguese, the Dutch. It is one of the lesser portion of trade that China indulges in but placed under control. This is what the British saw to balance things out with China. But â€Å"in 1729, when the foreign import was 200 chests, the Emperor Yung Ching issued the first anti-opium edict, enacting severe penalties on the sale of opium and the opening of opium-smoking divans. The importation, however, continued to increase, and by 1790 it amounted to over 4,000 chests annually. In 1796 opium smoking was again prohibited, and in 1800 the importation of foreign opium was again declared illegal. Opium was now contraband, but the fact had no effect on the quantity introduced into the country, which rose to 5,000 chests in 1820; 16,000 chests in 1830; 20,000 chests in 1838, and 70,000 chests in 1858. †(La Motte) China therefore was alarmed with the increasing use of opium by its people. It decreed a complete prohibition of its trade. Yet, the addiction that the Chinese evolved into towards the drug, encourage Western traders to penetrate China. On top of this the Chinese empire is facing corruption and fraud in its government. Bureaucracy is becoming inefficient and weak emperors are no longer qualified to face the problems. No matter what laws and penalties are imposed on the trade and use of opium, it fell on deaf ears. The profits were too much for underground Chinese traders not to connive with Western exporting traders. The balance of trade is deteriorating and China was awakening to the scourge. â€Å"In 1839 the Emperor ordered Commissioner Lin Tse-Hsu to put a stop to the opium trade. Lin wrote to Queen Victoria, appealing to the British sense of justice and compassion: ‘We have heard that in your own country opium is prohibited with the utmost strictness and severity:â€â€this is a strong proof that you know full well how hurtful it is to mankind. Since then you do not permit it to injure your own country, you ought not to have the injurious drug transferred to another country, and above all others, how much less to the Inner Land! Of the products which China exports to your foreign countries, there is not one which is not beneficial to mankind in some shape or other. There are those which serve for food, those which are useful, and those which are calculated for re-sale; but all are beneficial. Has China (we should like to ask) ever yet sent forth a noxious article from its soil? ’ He received no reply. Left on his own to solve the problem, Lin ordered the destruction of a large supply of opium stored on Chinese soil. †(HistoryWiz, 1999-2005) Then, the two opium wars ensued. China lost. Effects of Loss Moral Effects All because of misunderstanding and obstinacy about how to balance trade, China had to experience a loss not just in terms of economics more importantly the destruction of their moral fibre. The imbalance is not only in trade but waging conflict towards strengths and weaknesses, superiority and pride. The unknowing Chinese at the end was the one who paid the bigger price because of an addiction he likewise unknowingly developed. Because of the lure of the profits, even the Chinese himself pitted against his own countryman’s destruction of his morality. After so many years of demoralization due to the tremendous addiction of the Chinese and the usurping profiteering of the scrupulous Chinese and foreign businessmen, China for once and for all to work itself unanimously to kick the habit. The emperor ordered that in ten years no more opium traffic will be allowed. No matter that China has tremendous distances as a vast land; no matter that have no viable means of telecommunication; no matter that they have very few learned people – they all decided to get rid of opium. The West agreed to cooperate with China to lift them from their moral bondage of drug addiction. Economic Effects As a turning point in the life of China as a nation and a people, its loss counted likewise the diminishing territorial rights it holds. China then had to sign the treaties of Nanjing and Tietsin in surrender and allowed its doors again to international trade. As foreign trade was pursued, Western merchants bought silk and tea from China, increasing the volume remarkably as years went by. Because of this, Chinese farmers opted to abandon producing food stuff and concentrated on silk and tea. Thus food prices skyrocketed. With five more ports opened, the former boatmen who worked in Canton ports met with unemployment. Aggravated by rising food prices, the unemployed became more miserable. It is not all glory with increased trade. The instant resurgence of trade volumes caused a shortage in Spanish silver dollars. It has to be abolished due to its uncontrollable appreciation and was replaced by the Mexican dollars. There are also imbalances in the local currencies. Copper cash depreciated because of inadequate supply of copper and the inefficient government. This is a total destruction of the financial systems of China and they were left with the introduction of paper money in 1853. Another commercial activity affected after the loss to the opium war was the textile industry. Cloths are produced by hand in China. The West brought in cheap machine made cloths. That killed local production. And then there is the basic agriculture and home grown industries that were affected by the changes in other commercial activities. Capitalism surged into China’s consciousness and yet China was not ready for the big time game of capitalism. They were not that knowledgeable about managing profit and loss. Sociological Effects With the shameful loss from the opium war, the Chinese lost faith in the superiority of their race. They came to recognize the superiority of the Westerns. They decided to get to know them and their ways. The Chinese decided to discover the political, social and technological know-how of the Western culture. Thus, they came to know and open up to what diplomacy and foreign relations are all about. Political Effects: Since the loss of China was due to the superiority of the Western armaments, China looked into the advancement of their military and armory. They opened modern factories for modern weapons to be produced. The factories were set not to make money but for purposes of the development of Chinese military. The opium war likewise revealed the ineffectiveness of the feudal system. Its Manchu government became incapable of protecting and governing the citizenry. Poverty prevailed; petty revolution ensued; the economy collapsed. The Chinese intellectuals rose up to the occasion and likewise looked into re-organizing its government an dpolitics. Conclusion: China’s quagmire in opium was not a show of the total weakness on the part of its people, but rather insufficiency of appropriate support. For not knowing any better, they indulged because it was available. The inherent cultural perspective and philosophies are quite strong yet it was limited to the features of their time. Modern circumstances that come along their way are not something they are really prepared for. Education and information was not present at that time. Coupled with this shortcoming of the pertinent period of time, the West was incessant in its colonization and commercial and capitalist activities. At that period of time, the West sees itself as the lord and master of the whole world. What they occupy and spread must be taken hook, line and sinker. The trade objectives of the West were very encompassing, so with the rest of their occupation strategies. If the West was morally short sighted in instigating addiction among the Chinese people and the infiltration and condoning of underground Chinese business man with the lure of profit in the opium trade – then the Opium War is something that it is not a laurel to have won. And on the part of China, the opium war and rising above its ashes might have been a blessing in disguise. For what China is now in this 21st century is a result of lessons learned.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
How Language Develops in Children
For every parent, language development in their children is a fundamental aspect that must be given importance as many parents are concerned about the progress of their children when it comes to learning to speak and to understanding words and their meanings. The child’s communication skills are further developed through the interactions they have with other people. That’s why parents must continually provide the interaction needed so that their children’s progress is continuous and steady. Language development is defined as the process in which young children understand and communicate language during early childhood. Rafanello says that it is acquired more quickly in the first five years of a baby’s life (1). The amazing thing is that even before the baby is born, he can differentiate native language and other languages. This is because when they are still inside the womb, they hear and respond to familiar voices, especially the mother’s. An infant’s brain goes through changes after birth. Trillions of pathways develop between brain cells, and these pathways will allow the baby to learn and think, and then talk, and whatever stimulation a baby has during the early years of his life will mold and strengthen these brain pathways. Caregivers of these babies, especially the parents, need not worry because there are so many opportunities for a child’s language skills to be further enhanced. Rafanello added that the experiences of an infant with language in interaction with parents and other people around him will impact his overall development (1). A baby communicates through facial expressions, coos, gestures and verbal cries. In the article â€Å"Language Development in Children,†it says that even before a child can speak, he can understand words. It also adds that the language spoken to a baby from birth will enable him to comprehend the words and later on speak them. Language development in babies starts through gestures and facial expressions. Through these, a baby can express his comfort or discomfort, unpleasantness and even satisfaction. There will be words that will have emotional significance on a baby, and these are usually the words that he will pay attention to. A study showed that as early as twenty-four weeks, an infant can differentiate between â€Å"bah†and â€Å"gah.†Another study showed that a month old infant can â€Å"associate sucking behavior to the sounds of â€Å"b†and â€Å"p.†Later on in his life, he will learn to â€Å"babble†and form his own language (â€Å"Language Development in Children†). It is of importance that parents talk to their children, as this stimulation with the language environment has value. It is said that a baby learns to connect words with his emotional experiences and this will provide him the motivation to talk, or to express his feelings through â€Å"babbling.†As the baby grows, he will attempt to create sounds in trying to communicate with the people around him. A study cited in the â€Å"Language Development in Children†showed that when a person pronounces words very clearly to an infant, it will help the infant to understand. This is a very important measure of a baby’s language development so that he can comprehend words and their meanings. A baby will also learn that his babbling will gain the attention of those who are around him. Listening is an important step before a child can learn. When a baby listens to a lot of things, he can develop and expand his vocabulary and improve his IQ. This is also the result of a study of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). Aside from the larger vocabulary, a baby’s language skills are more complex when they are raised in high-quality child care environment (Rafanello 1). Moreover, â€Å"live†language can tremendously improve the language skills of child. To be able for children to comprehend language, they must hear it in association with what happens around them. Through this, language does not become merely noise. Another important thing for a parent to remember is talking directly to the baby even before he can talk back. This facilitates understanding of a word or words that are spoken many times. The best and natural way for a baby to learn the meanings of words is talk to him in relation to what is happening. Actions and descriptions of objects or thoughts will also help the baby to associate words with them. A study by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) showed that a positive interaction is connected with language development. Furthermore, a child can learn better through language-based interactions with his parents or the people around him. At times, a baby repeats a word many times, such as â€Å"bah†in reference to the same object. When he grows, he learns to speak other sounds. For instance, a baby can make sounds when he is in his crib. When his mother approaches and talks to him, the baby’s sounds become frequent. This is a very significant step as it opens another opportunity for the speech development of a child. If a baby is stimulated, he will use his vocal cords many times. This also makes way for increased social stimulation from other people to him. The following presents the language development of children at certain ages. Even before birth, language development takes place, especially when a mother constantly talks to her unborn child. According to Alic, infants become familiar with the human voice. She adds that infants pay more attention to a human face, more importantly when it is talking. At infancy, babies either quiets down or smiles when they are spoken to. Turning towards familiar sounds and voices are also characteristic of infants. Moreover, they communicate through chuckling, gurgling, whimpering and cooing. They can also produce sounds such as â€Å"ohh†and â€Å"ah.†They also communicate and express their needs through crying. Between three and six months, an infant can show responses to changes in a tone of voice. He also learns how to vocalize his pleasure or displeasure. Moreover, he laughs, sighs, squeals, blows bubbles, babbles and sputters loudly to get the attention of people around him. He also learns t use gestures to communicate his desires. Additionally, he can cry differently if he is in pain or hungry. An infant this age can also shape his mouth to change sounds. His new collection of vocabulary includes sounds such as â€Å"b†, â€Å"m†and â€Å"p†(Alic). Six to twelve months of age marks the most critical period for receptive language development. Receptive language development is the infant’s ability to comprehend language. During this age, an infant responds to their names. He also learns how to listen keenly to speech and other sounds. He expresses his moods through body language and sound. He can also play with sounds. Aside from these, he can respond to friendly or angry tones and can repeat syllables. He also communicates through imitation of intonation or speech sounds. At this age, he uses his tongue to change sounds and babbles with as many as 12 sounds in a singsong pattern. He can also make long sounds (Alic). In his seventh month, an infant can vocalize syllables such as â€Å"Dada†or â€Å"Mama†(Child Development Institute). Rafanello added that at this stage, an infant’s babble has long and short group of sounds such as â€Å"tata upup bibibibi.†His vocabulary now includes one or two new words such as â€Å"bye-bye,†â€Å"dada,†â€Å"mama,†, â€Å"no,†or â€Å"uh-oh†(6). An infant between nine and 12 months can listen when he is spoken to. Moreover, he can give responses to simple requests. He also recognizes the names of his family members and even the names of common objects. He also understands the word â€Å"no.†He repeats sounds, exercises intonation, uses the words â€Å"dada†and â€Å"mama†for any person, connects voices and names with people, makes use of sounds other than crying for their needs or to get attention, shouts and screams, knows their own names, understands gestures babbles two to three syllable repeated sounds. By 12 and 18 months of age, a toddler can now use partial words, recognize names, laugh appropriately, use words that start with â€Å"b,†â€Å"c,†â€Å"d,†and â€Å"g,†make gestures and say â€Å"no,†understand and follow directions, and ask for help using sounds and gestures. He can also use complete words and understand certain words, such as â€Å"up,†â€Å"down†and â€Å"hot.†Moreover, a toddler this age learns to form sentences by putting two short words together. This age also marks the toddler’s understanding of words associated for everything; their language development is steady. Alic says that the majority of a toddler’s first words are universal. They consist of names of foods or family members. By the age of 18 to 24 months, a toddler has a collection of 20 to 50 intelligible words. He can now say more words each month and put two words together such as â€Å"more cookie†(Rafanello 6). His vocabulary also consists of nouns. He can follow simple commands and use two pronouns correctly. The pronouns I, me and you are commonly used. He also follows command such as â€Å"show me your eyes.†A two- to three-year old toddler is able to use short sentences to ask for things, and he has a word for almost everything. Those around him can understand his speech (Rafanello 6). His vocabulary now consists of 400 words, which include names. As early as this age, the toddler can repeat the stories, songs or rhymes he hears. He can also describe his experiences through three- to five-word sentences. By three to four years of age, a child can talk through sentences that have four or more words. If a child attends preschool, he can talk about the activities he does there. He can also converse with others and ask questions. At this age, he can use pronouns correctly. His collection of vocabulary is much bigger, usually consisting of 900 to 1,000 words (Alic). At this age, a parent is suggested to communicate with his child through self-talk, which is another way of enhancing language development. The parent can start by telling his child â€Å"I am picking up your toys.†When a child is aged four or five, his language skills further develops. According to Rafanello, a child this age exhibits ease in communicating with adults and children. However, he may have difficulty with certain sounds, such as j, l, ch, r, s, sh, th, v, z. He has the ability to speak with lots of details (6). He can now describe things and has a better grasp of number and time concepts. Moreover, he knows things about himself, such as his age. His understanding of number concept includes counting from one to ten. Language development can be further developed through continuous interaction with the people around the child. Language development can also be enriched when a child is exposed to an environment rich in language and language-based interaction. If a parent regularly reads and talks to his child, it can have an impact in the child’s ability to communicate with others. However, a parent must remember that the ability of children to learn is not the same for everyone. While one child may show quick progress, such as forming a sentence, another may have problems dealing with speech or language delay. There are times when a child exhibits mild or temporary delays. These delays can affect about six percent of children. There are factors which can affect the delays. A child may be experiencing genetic disorders, hearing impairment or development disorders. The good thing is if these disorders are detected earlier, they can be treated or prevented in their early stages. Although children show different rates when it comes to language development, it is best not to compare a child’s language development with another. Parents must make sure that the language development of their children is steady, and not just fast or slow. They must also provide an environment where their children have a room to learn things. Aside from this, parents must assist their children’s development in any way possible. Works cited Alic, Margaret. â€Å"Language Development.†2007. About.com. 9 December 2007 < >. â€Å"Language Development in Children.†Child Development Institute. 9 December 2007 . Rafanello, Donna. â€Å"Facilitating Language Development.†Healthy Child Care America, Summer 2000: 1-6.  Â
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Same Sex-Civil Union essays
Same Sex-Civil Union essays Since the 1960s, gays and lesbians have moved to cities, like, San Francisco, New York, and Los Angeles, where their greater numbers changed local politics and influenced the national gay movement. The fight over same-sex marriage may very well find its next battleground in the cul-de-sacs and shopping malls of New Jersey. New Jersey is one of eight states being sued by gay couples, and polls there show that 55 percent of voters support same-sex marriage. (Montagne, Renee, 2006, February 6, p.1). Currently the discussion of gay marriage or gay unions in New Jersey brings about conflicts between two moral positions, the liberals and the conservatives. Both liberals and conservatives generally view marriage as an agreement between two individuals who what to raise their children to be self-reliant and capable of exercising their individual rights to be responsible, well adjusted adults. Opponents of gay marriage filed three separate legal motions before the Superior Court in Merc er County, New Jersey. These motions are divided into separate defense issues against gay unions; financial, ideological, and political. Each of these attacks caution that same-sex marriage couples who aim to marry threaten the stability of the state. (Padawer, Ruth 2003, February 27, p. 2) Individuals who are for gay marriage believe that every state should endorse the practice of gay unions publicly. So who is politically and Biblically correct on this issue? Liberals believe it is an individuals right and freedom to live in a civil manner with a partner who makes them happy. (Shell, Susan M., 2004, June 22, p.2.) Unlike some states, New Jersey law does not contain language that refers to marriage as between a man and a woman. "An Historic Day . . . ( 2006, December 14 p. 2). The traditional Christian opinion on gay marriage is that a relationship betwee ...
Monday, October 21, 2019
The Arrival
The Arrival Arrival Arrival is a poem that is written in free verse. The style of the writing is imagery and figurative expression, which describes the scene in the poem. This poem is mainly about a biologist who observes and studies the turtles. He wonders where the turtles are from and where they are going. In the end of the story, he still does not know the secrets behind these turtles. The review on this poem will include the theme, the tone, the mood, the style, the rhythm and the strength of the poem.The tone in this poem is energetic. The author describes the character in this poem as a passionate biologist who observes and studies the turtles. In the paragraph, it states, ‚ ¡night turns to early morning he drowses over a cup of cold coffee in the lab.‚ ¡Ã‚‚ Therefore, it can be proved that he does the observation on the turtles because he is enthusiastic in studying them and his attitude is positive towards them.Turtles in the pondIn the poem, ‚ ¡where do they come fr om‚ ¡Ã‚‚ and ‚ ¡where do they go‚ ¡Ã‚‚ has been asked several times. He is eager to know the secrets behind the turtles and wants to explore the arrival of the turtles. Just as he wants to know the secrets behind the turtles, he fell in sleep on his desk, and missed the beautiful scene he waits to see.The mood of this poem is very melancholic. In the third paragraph of the poem, it states, ‚ ¡he waits for arribada, the arrival of the turtles, for the tears to stream from dark, mournful eyes.‚ ¡Ã‚‚ Therefore, the character has the depressing mood because the turtles coming a long way to lay their eggs touch him. In the first paragraph, it said...
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